Dribbling
was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the
time, a player could only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot
after he had dribbled. The definition of dribbling became the
"continuous passage of the ball" in 1909, allowing more than one bounce,
and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.
Running with the ball
ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation, meaning
that the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with
the fist has also become a violation. From 1931, if a closely guarded
player withheld the ball from play for five seconds, play was stopped
and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation has since become a
violation by the ball-carrier. Goaltending became a violation in 1944, and offensive goaltending in 1958.
Free throws
were introduced shortly after basketball was invented. In 1895, the
free throw line was officially placed fifteen feet (4.6 m) from the
backboard, prior to which most gymnasiums placed one twenty feet (6.1 m)
from the backboard. From 1924, players that received a foul were
required to shoot their own free throws. One free throw shot is awarded
to a player who was fouled while making a successful field goal
attempt. If the field goal attempt is unsuccessful, two free throw
shots are awarded (three if the player was attempting a three-point
field goal). If an offensive player is fouled while not in the act of
shooting, or if a player is fouled in a loose-ball situation, the
penalty varies by level of play and the number of fouls accumulated by
the opposing team in a given period.
- In NCAA and NFHS play:
- If the player's team has 6 or fewer team fouls in the half, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- If the team has 7 to 9 team fouls, the player fouled goes to the
line for what is called "one-and-one" or the "bonus"—that is, if the
player makes the first free throw, he gets the opportunity to attempt a
second, but if he misses, the ball is live.
- If the team has 10 or more fouls in the half, the player fouled gets two free throws, often called the "double bonus".
- All overtime periods are considered an extension of the second half
for purposes of accumulated fouls. Also, NFHS rules accumulate fouls per
half, even though games are played in quarters.
- In the NBA:
- If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
- Overtime is not considered an extension of any quarter. Instead, the
"penalty" of two free throws is triggered on the team's fourth foul in
that overtime period (instead of the fifth).
- Foul limits are reset in the last two minutes of a quarter or
overtime period. If a team has not reached its limit of accumulated
fouls, the first team foul in the last two minutes results in possession
by the team fouled, and all subsequent fouls result in two free throws.
- In FIBA play:
- If the player's team has 4 or fewer team fouls in the quarter, the team fouled gets possession of the ball.
- Starting with the team's fifth foul in the quarter, the player fouled gets two free throws.
- During an interval of play, all team members entitled to play are considered as players.
- The ball become dead when an official blows his whistle while the ball is live
- All overtime periods are considered an extension of the fourth quarter for purposes of accumulated fouls.
A player has 10 seconds to attempt a free throw. If the player does
not attempt a free throw within 10 seconds of receiving the ball, the
free throw attempt is lost, and a free throw violation is called. A free
throw violation also occurs if a free throw misses the backboard, rim,
and basket. If a free throw violation is assessed in the last free throw
awarded to a player in a given situation, possession automatically
reverts to the opposing team.
A charge
is physical contact between an offensive player and a defensive player.
In order to draw an offensive charge the defensive player must
establish legal guarding positioning in the path of the offensive
player. If contact is made, the officials would issue an offensive
charge. No points will be allowed and the ball is turned over. The
defensive player may not draw an offensive charge in the "restricted
zone" (see below for more details).
Blocking
is physical contact between the offensive player and the defensive
player. Blocking fouls are issued when a defensive player interferes
with the path of the offensive player in the shooting motion. Blocking
fouls are easily called when the defensive player is standing in the
"restricted zone".
Restricted zone: In 1997, the NBA introduced an arc of a 4-foot
(1.22 m) radius around the basket, in which an offensive foul for
charging could not be assessed. This was to prevent defensive players
from attempting to draw an offensive foul on their opponents by standing
underneath the basket. FIBA adopted this arc with a 1.25 m
(4 ft 1.2 in) radius in 2010.
Memang unik dan spesial nama kue camilan tradisional nusantara yang satu
ini. Dinamakan kue akar kelapa karena bentuknya memang mirip dengan
akar kelapa yang bergelombang penuh liukan.
